Subsurface voids pose significant challenges to geotechnical design. Accurately locating these voids is essential for ensuring the security of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole logging, can be laborious and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground wave velocity analysis
Cavity characterization plays a significant role in geotechnical design processes. A thorough understanding of cavity dimensions and features is essential for accurately assessing the potential impact on infrastructure . Geotechnical engineers utilize multiple techniques to characterize cavities, including remote sensing . These methods provide va
Geophysical exploration utilizes a crucial role in the identification and characterization of potential mineral orebodies. By employing various physical methods, geologists can penetrate beneath the Earth's surface to detect subsurface structures and signatures indicative of mineral richness. These geophysical techniques often involve the recordin